.apk
suffix. All the code in a single .apk
file is considered to be one application and is the file that Android-powered devices use to install the application.Once installed on a device, each Android application lives in its own security sandbox:
- The Android operating system is a multi-user Linux system in which each application is a different user.
- By default, the system assigns each application a unique Linux user ID (the ID is used only by the system and is unknown to the application). The system sets permissions for all the files in an application so that only the user ID assigned to that application can access them.
- Each process has its own virtual machine (VM), so an application's code runs in isolation from other applications.
- By default, every application runs in its own Linux process. Android starts the process when any of the application's components need to be executed, then shuts down the process when it's no longer needed or when the system must recover memory for other applications.
However, there are ways for an application to share data with other applications and for an application to access system services:
- It's possible to arrange for two applications to share the same Linux user ID, in which case they are able to access each other's files. To conserve system resources, applications with the same user ID can also arrange to run in the same Linux process and share the same VM (the applications must also be signed with the same certificate).
- An application can request permission to access device data such as the user's contacts, SMS messages, the mountable storage (SD card), camera, Bluetooth, and more. All application permissions must be granted by the user at install time.
- The core framework components that define your application.
- The manifest file in which you declare components and required device features for your application.
- Resources that are separate from the application code and allow your application to gracefully optimize its behavior for a variety of device configurations
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